A critical appraisal of endorectal ultrasound and transanal endoscopic microsurgery and decision-making in early rectal cancer

Aim Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) for early rectal cancer (ERC) gives results similar to major surgery in selected cases. Endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) is an important part of the preoperative selection process. This study reports its accuracy and impact for patients entered on the UK TEM database. Method The UK TEM database comprises prospectively collected data on 494 patients. This data set was used to determine the prevalence of ERUS in preoperative staging and its accuracy by comparing preoperative T‐stage with definitive pathological staging following TEM. Results ERUS was performed in 165 of 494 patients who underwent TEM for rectal cancer. It inaccurately staged rectal cancer in 44.8% of tumours: 32.7% were understaged and 12.1% were overstaged. There was no significant difference in the depth of TEM excision or R1 rate between the patients who underwent ERUS before TEM and those who did not (P = 0.73). Conclusion The data show that ERUS is employed in a minority of patients with rectal cancers undergoing TEM in the UK and its accuracy in this ‘Real World’ practice is disappointing.     

Prognostic factors of early outcome and discharge status in patients undergoing surgical intervention following traumatic intracranial hemorrhage

Over the past several decades, the rate of traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related emergency room visits in the United States has steadily increased, yet mortality in these patients has decreased. This improvement in outcome is largely due to advances in prehospital care, intensive care unit management, and the effectiveness of neurosurgical procedures, such as decompressive craniectomies. It is imperative to identify clinical factors predictive of patients who benefit from early mobilization of resources and operative treatment. Equally important is the identification of patients with good prognostic signs among patients receiving surgical intervention for TBI. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 181 patients requiring craniectomies and craniotomies for decompression or evacuation of an intracranial hemorrhage following TBI at a single level I trauma center between 2008-2010. Demographic features and perioperative clinical characteristics of these patients were examined in relation to favorable outcomes, defined as discharge to home or a rehabilitation facility, and unfavorable outcomes, defined as in-hospital mortality or discharge to step-down medical facilities. Younger age, greater Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score on admission, absence of preoperative coagulopathies, absence of hypernatremia, and absence of fever were all independent predictors of favorable outcome. Additionally, increased operative duration and increased length of hospital stay were identified as independent predictors of negative outcomes after surgery. This work supports some of the current prognostic models in the literature and identifies additional clinical variables with predictive value of early outcome and discharge status in patients undergoing surgical evacuation of traumatic intracranial hemorrhages.     

数字化塑形钛网在颅骨修补术中的应用

回顾分析数字化塑形二维或三维钛网修补颅骨缺损患者临床疗效。结果显示,86例患者中82例术后达Ⅰ期愈合,术后并发症包括钛网外露(1例)、皮下积液(2例)、轻微咬合疼痛(1例)、切口瘢痕增生明显致外观欠佳(1例)。提示数字化塑形钛网修补颅骨缺损可最大程度地恢复缺损外形、降低手术风险、减少并发症,且临床疗效满意。     

高血压中等量脑出血小骨窗开颅血肿清除与微钻孔血肿腔置管引流对比研究

目的比较小骨窗开颅血肿清除与微钻孔血肿腔置管引流治疗高血压中等量脑出血的疗效及预后。方法选取我院2011-06—2013-06收治的高血压中等量脑出血患者120例,采用随机数字表法随机分为研究组(n=60)和对照组(n=60)。对照组实施小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗,研究组采取微钻孔血肿腔置管引流术治疗,观察比较两种治疗方法的疗效、手术过程和预后情况。结果对照组总有效率为85.00%(51/60)与研究组83.33%(50/60)相比差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.742,P0.05)。研究组手术时间、清除血肿量和住院时间分别为(0.81±0.44)h、(33.23±10.02)mL、(27.89±9.03)d;对照组手术时间、清除血肿量和住院时间分别为(1.31±0.34)h、(35.89±9.81)mL、(30.12±8.99)d,2组比较除手术时间差异有统计学意义(t=6.97,P0.05)外,其余差异均无统计学意义(t=1.47,1.35,P0.05)。对照组术后再出血2例,颅内感染4例,电解质紊乱10例,呼吸道感染7例,消化道出血13例,与研究组的2、3、6、4、7例比较无明显差异(2χ=0.405,P0.05)。对照组患者治疗后预后好转率为83.33%(50/60),恢复率为66.67%(40/60),病死率为1.67%(1/60),与研究组的83.33%(50/60)、65.00%(39/60)、1.67%(1/60)比较无明显差异(2χ=0,0.037,P0.05)。结论两种手术方法疗效、并发症、预后均无差异,但微钻孔血肿腔置管引流手术时间短,可以更好地抢救危及患者,是较佳的选择。     

显微手术治疗脑胶质瘤的临床疗效探讨

目的对显微手术治疗脑胶质瘤的临床疗效及复发影响因素进行探讨。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年1月运用显微手术治疗96例脑胶质瘤患者的临床资料,分析其手术疗效和复发影响因素。结果所选患者使用显微外科手术肿瘤全切74例,占77.1%,次全切19例,占19.8%,部分切除3例,占3.1%;出院时恢复良好57例(59.4%),基本好转26例(27.1%),显效8例(8.3%),进步5例(5.2%),无1例死亡;随访1~3年,所有患者获得随访,恢复正常者58例,占60.4%,38例复发,其中19例再次手术,死亡3例(非手术死亡),15例拒绝再次手术,死亡6例;低级别胶质瘤复发的发生率为15.4%,明显低于高级别胶质瘤的68.2%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);年龄小于等于40岁的发生率为29.2%,明显低于大于40岁的50%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);全切组的复发发生率为16.2%,明显低于次全切、部分切除的72.7%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论显微手术可明显提高肿瘤全切率,使手术疗效大大提高,从而提高生活质量,降低复发率及病死率;且术后的复发率与肿瘤组织分型、年龄、手术方式有关。     

Local excision for early rectal cancer: transanal endoscopic microsurgery and beyond

The goal of treatment for early stage rectal cancer is to optimize oncologic control while minimizing the long-term impact of treatment on quality of life. The standard of care treatment for most stage I and II rectal cancers is radical surgery alone, specifically total mesorectal excision (TME). For early rectal cancers, this procedure is usually curative but can have a substantial impact on quality of life, including the possibility of permanent colostomy and the potential for short and long-term bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction. Given the morbidity associated with radical surgery, alternative approaches to management of early rectal cancer have been explored, including local excision (LE) via transanal excision (TAE) or transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) and transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS). Compared to the gold standard of radical surgery, local procedures for strictly selected early rectal cancers should lead to identical oncological results and even better outcomes regarding morbidity, mortality, and quality of life.     

显微耳科手术在无肌松药下瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚全麻疗效

目的：探讨显微耳科手术在无肌松药下瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚全麻疗效。方法：收集我院2011年12月～2014年1月期间进行显微镜下乳突根治术患者共计84例,随机分为无肌松组42例,肌松组42例。两组均给予常规诱导后并气管插管。无肌松组静脉持续输注丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼维持麻醉。肌松组插管后静脉注射维库溴铵0.1mg/kg,持续静脉输注丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼维持麻醉。评价两组患者切皮时（T1）,电钻磨骨时（T2）,拔管后10min （T3）各点肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮水平;同时记录切皮、电钻磨骨、拔管后10min 患者收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、平均动脉压（MAP）及心率（HR）。结果：无肌松组和肌松组切皮时、电钻磨骨时,各点收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压、心率及肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮水平差异无统计学意义。拔管后各项观察指标差异有统计学意义。无肌松组和肌松组不良反应和并发症分别为（2.7%、5.4%;16.2%、21.6%）,差异有统计学意义。结论：认为舒芬太尼、丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼联合应用可以抑制血浆肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮对血压的波动,用于显微耳科手术效果满意,安全可行。     

What Should Be Considered to Cause the Early Post-Craniotomy Seizure: Antibiotics (Cefazolin) Irrigation

Objective

Post-craniotomy seizure (PCS) is reported only rarely. However, our department noted a 433% increase in PCS for a year beginning September 2010, especially after cerebrovascular surgery. Our goal was to identify the cause of our unusual outbreak of PCS.

Methods

For almost one year after September 2010, cases of PCS increased significantly in our department. We analyzed 973 patients who had received a major craniotomy between January 2009 and November 2011. We included seizures that occurred only in the first 24 postoperative hours, which we defined as early PCS. After verifying the presence of PCS, we analyzed multiple seizure-provoking factors and their relation to the duration and character of seizure activity.

Results

Overall PCS incidence was 7.2% (70/973). Cefazolin (2 g/L saline) was the antibiotic drug used for intraoperative irrigation in 88.4% of the operations, and no PCS occurred without intraoperative cefazolin irrigation. When analyzed by operation type, clipping surgery for unruptured aneurysms was the most frequently associated with PCS (80%). Using logistic regression, only 2 g cefazolin intraoperative irrigation (p=0.024) and unruptured aneurysm clipping surgery (p<0.001) were associated with early PCS. The seizure rate of unruptured aneurysm clipping surgery using 2 g cefazolin intraoperative irrigation was 32.9%.

Conclusion

Intraoperative cefazolin irrigation must be avoided in patients undergoing craniotomy, especially for clipping of unruptured aneurysms, because of the increased risk of early PCS.     

Mr lymphangiography: How i do it

Lymphedema is a chronic progressive edematous disease that in the United States is most commonly related to malignancy and its treatment. Lymphaticovenular anastomosis is a recently introduced microsurgical treatment option for lymphedema that requires the identification and mapping of individual lymphatic channels. While nuclear medicine lymphoscintigraphy has been the primary imaging modality performed to evaluate suspected lymphedema, lymphoscintigraphy does not provide the spatial information necessary for presurgical planning. High‐resolution dynamic 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can noninvasively image abnormal lymphatic channels to both diagnose lymphedema and depict the location and number of individual lymphatic channels for surgical planning. MR lymphangiography can be performed at 1.5T or 3.0T using multichannel phased array surface coils. The main components of the exam are a heavily T₂‐weighted 3D sequence to define the severity and extent of edema, a high‐resolution dynamic 3D gradient echo imaging after intracutaneous contrast injection to visualize lymphatic channels, and a delayed 3D gradient echo sequence after intravenous contrast to define veins. This article reviews the pathophysiology and microsurgical treatment of lymphedema, presents the imaging protocol used at our institution, and describes exam interpretation and the image postprocessing performed for surgical planning. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2015;42:1465–1477.